Calques from Polish 2

This is a continuation of an exercise I wrote in 2017. 

Ex. Correct the following sentences: they contain non-native phrases translated directly from Polish.

1. When you write an essay, you have to plan it in advance to make sure it has arms and legs.

2. Jane was tired and left the party in English. No one knew she was gone until the others started to leave.

3. I know nothing about philosophy. During Professor Jones's lecture on Hegel I sat as if I was at a Turkish sermon.

4. Jake's plans to move to Portugal and open a B&B are just castles from sand.

5. Before you make business with the Chinese, you need to know a few things about Chinese culture.

6. The secretary printed out the document and put a spinach on the pages.

7. Frank's a morning bird - he gets up at six even on Sundays.

8. It's worth to see this film.

9. I can't remember the last time I watched a tele-tournament.

10. Father tried to throw smoking last year but he started to smoke again after a week.

11. She always got high marks from her English exams.

12. I forgot my umbrella and got as wet as a hen.

13. The shopkeeper doubled and tripled to serve all the customers.

14. After the divorce the actor didn't have a penny at his soul.

15. You have to pay for the course from above.

Key

1. ... it makes sense. 2. ... left the party without saying goodbye. 3. ... Hegel I couldn't understand a word/a thing. / Professor Jones's lecture on Hegel was all Greek/double Dutch to me. 4. ... are just pie in the sky. 5. ... do business. 6. ... put a paper clip on the pages. 7. ... an early bird. 8. This film is worth seeing. 9. ... a game show/quiz show on TV. 10. ... to quit/give up smoking 11. ... high marks in 12. ... soaking wet. 13. The shopkeeper bent over backwards 14. ... the actor was broke/penniless. 15. ... pay for the course up front/in advance.

Polish words mistranslated into English: 1. mieć ręce i nogi, 2. wychodzić po angielsku, 3. siedzieć jak na tureckim kazaniu, 4. zamki na piasku, 5. robić interesy/biznes, 6. spinacz, 7. ranny ptaszek, 8. warto obejrzeć, 9. teleturniej, 10. rzucić palenie, 11. oceny z egzaminów, 12. zmoknąć jak kura, 13. dwoić się i troić, 14. nie mieć grosza przy duszy, 15. z góry

Words connected by derivation: changes in pronunciation

Some words which share a common root (one is derived from the other or both are derived from another word) are pronounced differently: the stress shifts to another syllable or the stressed vowel changes its quality. Sometimes this is made obvious by the spelling, cf. long - length, think - thought; in the exercise below, however, we focus on examples where the spelling is not very helpful in determining the pronunciation.

I used Tophonetics at https://tophonetics.com/

Ex. How should we pronounce the following pairs of words? Pay attention to vowel sounds and word stress.

clean - cleanliness, clear - clarity, know - knowledge, moral - morality, nation - national, photograph - photography, social - society, various - variety, wide - width


Key

/kliːn/ - /ˈklenlɪnɪs/, /klɪə/ - /ˈklærɪti/, /nəʊ/ - /ˈnɒlɪʤ/, /ˈmɒrəl/ - /məˈrælɪti/, /ˈneɪʃən/ - /ˈnæʃənl/, /ˈfəʊtəgrɑːf/ - /fəˈtɒgrəfi/, /ˈsəʊʃəl/ - /səˈsaɪəti/, /ˈveərɪəs/ - /vəˈraɪəti/, /waɪd/ - /wɪdθ/

Silent "-ue"

Sometimes the letters "-ue" following "g" or "q" are not pronounced. A common mistake is to pronounce the end of such words as /-gju:/ or /-kju:/ instead of /-g/ or /-k/. Interestingly, American English spelling reflects these silent letters by simply removing them, e.g. American Eng. dialog, cf. British Eng. dialogue.

Ex. How should we pronounce the following words? Pay attention to other vowels as well.

dialogue, catalogue, rogue, ague, plaque, pique, vague, vogue, meringue, torque, fugue, league, plague

KEY
/ˈdaɪəlɒg/, /ˈkætəlɒg/, /rəʊg/, /ˈeɪgjuː/, /plɑːk/, /piːk/, /veɪg/, /vəʊg/, /məˈræŋ/, /tɔːk/, /fjuːg/, /li:g/, /pleɪg/